Sabtu, 27 Juni 2009
Minggu, 14 Juni 2009
Primbon semester 2
Gratitude
Gratitude adalah mengucapkan terima kasih.
Contoh :
· Thank You --> You’re welcome
· Thank You very much --> It’s pleasure
· Thank You for your attention --> Never mind
Compliment
Compliment adalah perkataan / ucapan yang bertujuan memuji orang lain.
Complimenting :
· What a good boy !
· You look beauty
· You look very nice
· You look very cute
· Excellent
· Greet.. .
Congratulation
Congratulation adalah mengucapkan selamat kepada orang lain yang sedang mengalami kegembiraan.
Congratulation :
· Congratulations ! * Happy Birthday
· Merry Christmas * Happy New Year
Narrative Text
Narrative tekt is a text that tells a story / description of events.
Purpose of Narrative text :
To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also be
written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions.
Types of Narrative are Imaginary and Factual or a combination of both.
They may include Fairy Stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror
stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads,
slice of life, and personal experience.
Features :
· Characters with defined personalities / identities
· Dialogue often include – tense may change to the present or the future
· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Structure :
In a traditional narrative, the focus of the text is on a series of actions :
* Orientation :
In which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usually
answers who ? when ? where ?
e.g Mr.Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark goomy night.
* Complication or a problem :
The complication usually involves the main character(s).
(often mirroring the complications in real life).
* Resolution :
There needs to be a resolution of the complication.
The complication may be resolved for better or worse / hapilly or unhappily.
* Re-orientation
The ending of story.
* Evaluation
A stepping back to evaluatethe story or the moral message of the story.
The narrative text use the temporal conjuction . Example :
. once upon a time
. after
. before
. when
. Then, etc.
Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved.
These add sustain interest and suspense for the reader.
To help students plan for writing of narratives , model, focusing on :
· Plot : what is going to happen ?
· Setting : where and when will the story take place ?
· Characterisation : who are the main characters ? what do they look like ?
· Structure : how will the story begin ? what will be the problem ? how the problem going to be resolved ?
· Theme : what is the theme / message the writer is attempting to communicate ?
News Item
A News Item text is a factual text which informs readers of daily newspaper about events of the day which are resanded as news worthy or important.
News item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considened news worthy or important.
The news item begins with news worthy events, then background events and sources.
The structure of the text consist oh three parts :
1. News worthy events : recount the events in summary form.
2. Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom and in what circumstances.
3. Sources : comments by participants in winesses to and authorities expert on the events.
Advertisement
Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it will
attract them to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
The function of advertisement are :
. Promotion
. Communication
. Information
In making an advertisement, keep the following points :
A. Language of advertisement
* Using the correct or suitable words
* Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
* Using the positive expressions
* Text of advertisement should be directed to the goal
B. Content of advertisement
* Objective and honest
* Brief and clear
* Not allude group or other producer
Kinds of advertisement :
. Family advertisement
. Invitation advertisement
. News advertisement
Direct , Indirect speech
> Direct speech : Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words we use
quatation marks.(“...”)
> Indirect speech : Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words not
all the exact words are used. Verb forms and pronoun may
change. We don’t use quatation marks.(“...”)
Example of Direct Speech :
. Agnes said,” I’m very tired today”.
. Lola said,”I will give you a gift”.
Example of Indirect Speech :
. Agnes said that she was tired.
. Lola said that she will give me a gift.
Direct Speech :
. Now . ...ago
. Today . Yesterday
. Tomorrow . The day before
. Next... . Here
. Last... . This
Indirect Speech :
. Then .Those
. That day . ...before
. There . The day before...
. That . The day after...
Descriptive text
Descriptive text is a piece of writing or speech that says what someone or something is like.
Structure of text :
. Definition or classification : person, thing or place than desribed.
. Description : pictures the characteristic of the person, the thing or place that’s
talked about.
Usually, description uses the simple present tense but something it uses the simple
present tense when the person, thing or place that talked about no longer exist.
Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense adalah kejadian pada saat ini juga / sekarang (baru-baru
terjadi).
Form of Simple Present Tense :
a. Verbal sentence
Patterns :
(+) S + Vi (s/es) + O
(-) S + Do/Does + NOT + Vi + O
(?) Do/Does + S + Vi + O [?]
Examples :
(+) Lia does her homework.
(-) Lia does not do her homework.
(?) Does Lia do her homework ?
b. Nominal sentence/ non verbal sentence
Patterns :
(+) S + to be (am, is, are) + Vi
(-) S + to be (am, is, are) + NOT + Vi
(?) to be (am, is, are) + S + Vi [?]
Examples :
(+) He is play football
(-) He is not play football
(?) is He play football ?
Surprise and Disbelief
Surprise is expressions about something and it make someone shocked and happy.
To express Surprise, we can use :
. What a surprise ! . Fancy that.
. That a surprise ! . Oh my God
. Guess what ! . Do you know that ?
. You won’t believe it ! . I’ve got news for you.
. It was Great ! . I must say ... surprise me.
Respond to believe or not :
. You don’t say.
. Good heavens.
. My Goodness !
. Seeing is believing
. Oh, no that’s not true
. This is really a surprise !
. Really? That sounds interesting.
Example of surprise in the dialogue :
A : How was your holiday /
B : It was great! We went to the beach.
A : That is really a surprise.
Disbelief is expressions can find at every person about something.
To express disbelief, we can use :
. Really ?
. What ?
. Are you Serious ?
. You are kidding!
. I find that hard to believe.
. No, I don’t believe it.
Respond to believe or not :
. You don’t say.
. Are you joking ?
. Are you serious ?
. Are you kidding ?
. You must be joking ?
. Oh no, that’s not true.
Expressions of disbelief in the dialogue :
A : Do you believe that a letter can reach your hand in 45 years ?
B : You must be joking ?
Finite Verb
Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the
rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form
independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verbs shows tense, person or
singular plural.
Non finite verb forms haven’t person , tense or number.
I go, she goes, he went – These verb forms are finite.
To go, going, gone – These verb forms are non – finite.
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite.
These include :
Ø The indicated mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g “The bulldozer demolished the
restaurant,” “The leaves were yellow and stiff.”
Ø The imperative mood (giving a command).
Ø The subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).
Verb forms that are not finite include :
Ø The infinitive
Ø Participles (e.g “The broken window...”, “The wheezing gentlemen...”)
Ø Gerunds
In linguistics, a non finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked
inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender and person.
As a result, a non finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
Example :
One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
Ket. Huruf miring merupakan finite verb
Garis bawah merupakan non-finite verb
Noun Phrase
Phrase is a group words that taked steps as a simple part of a speech. Phrase can
stand by it self as a sentence.
Noun phrase is a noun is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun. Noun phrase
normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified.
Noun phrase may serve as subjects or object of preposition. Most noun phrase are
constructed using determiners, adjectives and head noun.
Kind of noun phrase are :
1. A common noun : names a person, place, thing, or idea. (example boy, city, flag, girl,
pen, etc).
2. Proper noun : are similar to common noun, but proper nouns with a capital letter.
(example The beat went down in the Missisippi River. The plane
take off in the Soekarno Hatta Airport).
3. Personal Pronoun : - First person
- Second person
- Third person
4. Idenfinite Pronouns : idenfinite refers to something that not specific. (example one, any, each, some, all, none, nothing, anyone,something,
somebody, etc.).
A. Noun phrase as a subject, example :
.My father’s car is new.
.The blue car in the garage is mine.
.Some of the mangoes were rotten. etc.
B. Noun phrase an object, example :
.He belongs to the Cleveland Browns.
.He joined the American Region.
.She has broken two of my best glasses.
C. Noun phrase as an object of preposition, example :
.He puts his own life in danger for the sake of his son.
.He climbed up the palm tree by means of a rope ladder.
.A big dog stand in front of the main gate.
Form of Noun Phrase :
1.Noun + Noun
Book store, Pencil case.
2.Adj. + Noun
Beautiful girl
3.Gerund + Noun
Swimming pool
4.Determiner + Noun
The world, a uniform
5.Pronoun + Noun
Her hair
6.Verb + Noun
Rest room
7. Noun + Past-Modifier
e.g = The glass on the table
The glass : Noun
On the table : Post Modifier
e.g = The boy in the store
The boy : Noun
In the store : Post modifier
Modals The past Form
Will > Would
Can > Could
May > Might
Should > Should
Must (have to) > Head to
We use this expression:
*To offer suggestions or possibilities.
*To indicate the ability existed.
*To express polite request.
Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense has two different forms in English “will” and “be going to”. Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will bwcome clear. Both “will” and “be going to” refer to a specific time in the future.
Form “Will”
Will + Verb
Examples :
(+) S + will + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)
(-) S + will + NOT + Vi + O/C
(?) Will + S + Vi + O/C [?]
(+) You will help him later
(-) You will not help him later
(?) Will you help him later ?
Form “Be Going To”
Am/is/are + going to + verb
Examples :
(+) S + to be + going to + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)
(-) S + to be + NOT + going to + Vi + O/C
(?) To be + S + going to + Vi + O/C [?]
(+) You are going to meet Jane tonight
(-) You are not going to meet Jane tonight
(?) Are you going to meet Jane tonight ?
IMPORTANT !!
In the simple future tense, it is not always clear which use the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence’s meaning.
Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as, always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples :
. You will never help him.
. Will you ever help him ?
. You are never going to meet Jane.
. Are you ever going to meet Jane ?
Active / Passive
Examples :
. John will finish the work by 5.00 p.m. (active)
. The work will be finished by 5.00 p.m. (passive)
. Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. (active)
. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. (passive)
Passive Voice
Use of Passive voice
Passive Voice is used when the focus in on the action. It is not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone (e.g You have made a mistake).
Form of Passive
S + Finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd coloumn of irregular verbs)
Example : A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following :
The object of the active sentence becomes the subjects of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped).
Gratitude adalah mengucapkan terima kasih.
Contoh :
· Thank You --> You’re welcome
· Thank You very much --> It’s pleasure
· Thank You for your attention --> Never mind
Compliment
Compliment adalah perkataan / ucapan yang bertujuan memuji orang lain.
Complimenting :
· What a good boy !
· You look beauty
· You look very nice
· You look very cute
· Excellent
· Greet.. .
Congratulation
Congratulation adalah mengucapkan selamat kepada orang lain yang sedang mengalami kegembiraan.
Congratulation :
· Congratulations ! * Happy Birthday
· Merry Christmas * Happy New Year
Narrative Text
Narrative tekt is a text that tells a story / description of events.
Purpose of Narrative text :
To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also be
written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions.
Types of Narrative are Imaginary and Factual or a combination of both.
They may include Fairy Stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror
stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads,
slice of life, and personal experience.
Features :
· Characters with defined personalities / identities
· Dialogue often include – tense may change to the present or the future
· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Structure :
In a traditional narrative, the focus of the text is on a series of actions :
* Orientation :
In which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usually
answers who ? when ? where ?
e.g Mr.Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark goomy night.
* Complication or a problem :
The complication usually involves the main character(s).
(often mirroring the complications in real life).
* Resolution :
There needs to be a resolution of the complication.
The complication may be resolved for better or worse / hapilly or unhappily.
* Re-orientation
The ending of story.
* Evaluation
A stepping back to evaluatethe story or the moral message of the story.
The narrative text use the temporal conjuction . Example :
. once upon a time
. after
. before
. when
. Then, etc.
Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved.
These add sustain interest and suspense for the reader.
To help students plan for writing of narratives , model, focusing on :
· Plot : what is going to happen ?
· Setting : where and when will the story take place ?
· Characterisation : who are the main characters ? what do they look like ?
· Structure : how will the story begin ? what will be the problem ? how the problem going to be resolved ?
· Theme : what is the theme / message the writer is attempting to communicate ?
News Item
A News Item text is a factual text which informs readers of daily newspaper about events of the day which are resanded as news worthy or important.
News item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considened news worthy or important.
The news item begins with news worthy events, then background events and sources.
The structure of the text consist oh three parts :
1. News worthy events : recount the events in summary form.
2. Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom and in what circumstances.
3. Sources : comments by participants in winesses to and authorities expert on the events.
Advertisement
Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it will
attract them to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
The function of advertisement are :
. Promotion
. Communication
. Information
In making an advertisement, keep the following points :
A. Language of advertisement
* Using the correct or suitable words
* Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
* Using the positive expressions
* Text of advertisement should be directed to the goal
B. Content of advertisement
* Objective and honest
* Brief and clear
* Not allude group or other producer
Kinds of advertisement :
. Family advertisement
. Invitation advertisement
. News advertisement
Direct , Indirect speech
> Direct speech : Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words we use
quatation marks.(“...”)
> Indirect speech : Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words not
all the exact words are used. Verb forms and pronoun may
change. We don’t use quatation marks.(“...”)
Example of Direct Speech :
. Agnes said,” I’m very tired today”.
. Lola said,”I will give you a gift”.
Example of Indirect Speech :
. Agnes said that she was tired.
. Lola said that she will give me a gift.
Direct Speech :
. Now . ...ago
. Today . Yesterday
. Tomorrow . The day before
. Next... . Here
. Last... . This
Indirect Speech :
. Then .Those
. That day . ...before
. There . The day before...
. That . The day after...
Descriptive text
Descriptive text is a piece of writing or speech that says what someone or something is like.
Structure of text :
. Definition or classification : person, thing or place than desribed.
. Description : pictures the characteristic of the person, the thing or place that’s
talked about.
Usually, description uses the simple present tense but something it uses the simple
present tense when the person, thing or place that talked about no longer exist.
Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense adalah kejadian pada saat ini juga / sekarang (baru-baru
terjadi).
Form of Simple Present Tense :
a. Verbal sentence
Patterns :
(+) S + Vi (s/es) + O
(-) S + Do/Does + NOT + Vi + O
(?) Do/Does + S + Vi + O [?]
Examples :
(+) Lia does her homework.
(-) Lia does not do her homework.
(?) Does Lia do her homework ?
b. Nominal sentence/ non verbal sentence
Patterns :
(+) S + to be (am, is, are) + Vi
(-) S + to be (am, is, are) + NOT + Vi
(?) to be (am, is, are) + S + Vi [?]
Examples :
(+) He is play football
(-) He is not play football
(?) is He play football ?
Surprise and Disbelief
Surprise is expressions about something and it make someone shocked and happy.
To express Surprise, we can use :
. What a surprise ! . Fancy that.
. That a surprise ! . Oh my God
. Guess what ! . Do you know that ?
. You won’t believe it ! . I’ve got news for you.
. It was Great ! . I must say ... surprise me.
Respond to believe or not :
. You don’t say.
. Good heavens.
. My Goodness !
. Seeing is believing
. Oh, no that’s not true
. This is really a surprise !
. Really? That sounds interesting.
Example of surprise in the dialogue :
A : How was your holiday /
B : It was great! We went to the beach.
A : That is really a surprise.
Disbelief is expressions can find at every person about something.
To express disbelief, we can use :
. Really ?
. What ?
. Are you Serious ?
. You are kidding!
. I find that hard to believe.
. No, I don’t believe it.
Respond to believe or not :
. You don’t say.
. Are you joking ?
. Are you serious ?
. Are you kidding ?
. You must be joking ?
. Oh no, that’s not true.
Expressions of disbelief in the dialogue :
A : Do you believe that a letter can reach your hand in 45 years ?
B : You must be joking ?
Finite Verb
Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the
rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form
independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verbs shows tense, person or
singular plural.
Non finite verb forms haven’t person , tense or number.
I go, she goes, he went – These verb forms are finite.
To go, going, gone – These verb forms are non – finite.
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite.
These include :
Ø The indicated mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g “The bulldozer demolished the
restaurant,” “The leaves were yellow and stiff.”
Ø The imperative mood (giving a command).
Ø The subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).
Verb forms that are not finite include :
Ø The infinitive
Ø Participles (e.g “The broken window...”, “The wheezing gentlemen...”)
Ø Gerunds
In linguistics, a non finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked
inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender and person.
As a result, a non finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
Example :
One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
Ket. Huruf miring merupakan finite verb
Garis bawah merupakan non-finite verb
Noun Phrase
Phrase is a group words that taked steps as a simple part of a speech. Phrase can
stand by it self as a sentence.
Noun phrase is a noun is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun. Noun phrase
normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified.
Noun phrase may serve as subjects or object of preposition. Most noun phrase are
constructed using determiners, adjectives and head noun.
Kind of noun phrase are :
1. A common noun : names a person, place, thing, or idea. (example boy, city, flag, girl,
pen, etc).
2. Proper noun : are similar to common noun, but proper nouns with a capital letter.
(example The beat went down in the Missisippi River. The plane
take off in the Soekarno Hatta Airport).
3. Personal Pronoun : - First person
- Second person
- Third person
4. Idenfinite Pronouns : idenfinite refers to something that not specific. (example one, any, each, some, all, none, nothing, anyone,something,
somebody, etc.).
A. Noun phrase as a subject, example :
.My father’s car is new.
.The blue car in the garage is mine.
.Some of the mangoes were rotten. etc.
B. Noun phrase an object, example :
.He belongs to the Cleveland Browns.
.He joined the American Region.
.She has broken two of my best glasses.
C. Noun phrase as an object of preposition, example :
.He puts his own life in danger for the sake of his son.
.He climbed up the palm tree by means of a rope ladder.
.A big dog stand in front of the main gate.
Form of Noun Phrase :
1.Noun + Noun
Book store, Pencil case.
2.Adj. + Noun
Beautiful girl
3.Gerund + Noun
Swimming pool
4.Determiner + Noun
The world, a uniform
5.Pronoun + Noun
Her hair
6.Verb + Noun
Rest room
7. Noun + Past-Modifier
e.g = The glass on the table
The glass : Noun
On the table : Post Modifier
e.g = The boy in the store
The boy : Noun
In the store : Post modifier
Modals The past Form
Will > Would
Can > Could
May > Might
Should > Should
Must (have to) > Head to
We use this expression:
*To offer suggestions or possibilities.
*To indicate the ability existed.
*To express polite request.
Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense has two different forms in English “will” and “be going to”. Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will bwcome clear. Both “will” and “be going to” refer to a specific time in the future.
Form “Will”
Will + Verb
Examples :
(+) S + will + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)
(-) S + will + NOT + Vi + O/C
(?) Will + S + Vi + O/C [?]
(+) You will help him later
(-) You will not help him later
(?) Will you help him later ?
Form “Be Going To”
Am/is/are + going to + verb
Examples :
(+) S + to be + going to + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)
(-) S + to be + NOT + going to + Vi + O/C
(?) To be + S + going to + Vi + O/C [?]
(+) You are going to meet Jane tonight
(-) You are not going to meet Jane tonight
(?) Are you going to meet Jane tonight ?
IMPORTANT !!
In the simple future tense, it is not always clear which use the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence’s meaning.
Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as, always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples :
. You will never help him.
. Will you ever help him ?
. You are never going to meet Jane.
. Are you ever going to meet Jane ?
Active / Passive
Examples :
. John will finish the work by 5.00 p.m. (active)
. The work will be finished by 5.00 p.m. (passive)
. Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. (active)
. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. (passive)
Passive Voice
Use of Passive voice
Passive Voice is used when the focus in on the action. It is not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone (e.g You have made a mistake).
Form of Passive
S + Finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd coloumn of irregular verbs)
Example : A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following :
The object of the active sentence becomes the subjects of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped).
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